Auto Insurance Essay

They can serve to insulate you from economic upheaval in the case your car is destroyed or stolen or even from bankruptcy in the event you are sued for damages someone sustained in an accident involving your car. The author guides the reader through several key criteria which should be considered in an analysis of their own policy. A 12 page overview of the world of automobile insurance. Choosing adequate automobile insurance can be one of the most cost effective things an individual can do in this modern age. Not only can automobile insurance This 6 page paper provides an overview of the basic management strategies of the USAA insurance company. This paper considers the management perspective and strategy, as well as the operational function of the company and the increasing importance of restructuring principles for the company. premiums whittle away a sizable chunk from an individual’s take-home pay, they can serve to insulate you from economic upheaval in the case your car is destroyed or stolen or even from bankruptcy in the event you are sued for damages someone sustained in an accident involving your car. The author guides the reader through several key criteria which should be considered in an analysis of their own policy. 6 pages. The BMW M3 has been the subject of many articles and consumer report studies recently. Rating cars is not only just an annual task for automotive journalists but it is also a subject which auto enthusiasts look forward to eagerly each season. Did their favorite car make it to the top? What did the critics have to say about it? And do these opinions agree with those who actually own these cars? This paper focuses on the BMW M3 in the sports car class. For those who own the BMW M3 it is likely they will claim that hands down it is the best sports car they have ever driven. Although not all of the auto magazines rated the BMW M3 as number one, most owners will disagree. The BMW M3 has everything a driver wants in a sporty car. By looking at several magazine articles and talking to drivers of these well-made and handsome cars, it is easy to conduct our own survey. Bibliography lists 12 sources.

Essay Youth And Cinema Essay

Cinema nowadays leaves a great impact (effect) on the minds of people. Its effect can be seen not only on the elders of rural and urban areas but on the children as well. Going to the pictures has now become a craze with young people, both boys and girls, and it has been noticed that they often economize (save) on other items of expenditure but they must see films every week. This fast growing habit is not only expensive (costly), but also results in considerable (great) waste of precious (valuable) time. Visiting the cinemas too often at the cost of class lectures and by missing lectures also spoils the education of youth. Most Indian films present scenes of sex, violence (fighting), crime, robbery, rape, etc. Education and other experts have repeatedly (again and again) found that the main source (base) of teasing and assaults (physical attack) on girls in our towns and cities, in the market place and elsewhere, is the cinema. The youth tries to imitate (copy) each and everything which is in the films without understanding that some part of it might leave a negative impression (thought) on them, and this reflects (shows) in their dressing style, their driving, their way of talking etc. The film censors also seem to be more liberal (open-minded) than ever and allow sex and violent scenes which have a bad effect on the mental make-up of youth. In the films today when the daily crimes, murders, robberies are shown some people take it in a wrong way and they purposely learn how to commit (do) such crimes. They learn the tricks (action) and tactics (plans) used for crimes in the films. Also now abuses (bad things) are so common in almost all the films that even a kid of 10 years is able to speak such abusive language knowingly or unknowingly. There are many cases of youth either running away from home to go to Bombay to try their luck in Bollywood. Thousands of young boys and girls have virtually (nearly) ruined (destroy) themselves in the senseless quest (mission) for becoming cinema â€Å"stars†. The efforts of parents and teachers to give their boys and girls sound education and to teach them good, ethical (moral) behaviour and good morals in order that they may become good citizens are thus defeated (failed). The cinema, it is said, can serve as a good medium of education and instruction, and the message that can be conveyed (expressed) through films cannot be conveyed as effectively through any other channel, such as  the radio, because of the colourful and visual impact on the screen. It is not contended (challenged) that there should be a total ban on films. But steps should certainly (surely) be taken to see that good instructive (useful) films are made, not trash and ruinous (damaging) presentations merely (simply) to cater (supply) to cheap tastes. Knowingly or unknowingly the films molds (shapes) the youth of today in one way or the other and effect of cinema on youth can be seen widely. Even the youngsters in rural areas are so much affected by the movies, that they place the heroes of the film in a very integrated (internal) part of their minds. They try to change their lifestyle according to the films, starting from hairstyle, clothes, dialogues and so on. It cannot be said that all the films are corrupting youth. Films also have a healthy and knowledgeable influence on the youth. There are films like â€Å"BAGHBAN† which was a family film and made us learn a lot. On the other hand, there are films like â€Å"RANG DE BASANTIâ€Å", â€Å"LAGAAN†, â€Å"TAARE ZAMEEN PAR† which are a wonderful films, giving the youth to learn so many good things in life. Films like â€Å"NAYAKâ€Å" are ideal (perfect) lessons for the politicians of this country. Films have inspired young people to combat (fight) against several social evils like untouchability, dowry, etc. But ultimately it’s â€Å"WE† or the individual, on whom everything depends on what he/she gains from the films. We should see the films to enjoy and learn good things and not let the bad things affect us. Thus, â€Å"Youth and Cinema† is a notion to be thought upon and concerned. So, beware of what you see and what you gain.

Alcohol Abuse And Alcohol Dependence Essay

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders, Alcohol Abuse is defined as the harmful use of alcohol. Harmful use of Alcohol also implies the abusive use of alcohol and its physical and mental effects. Alcohol abusers according to the study are more prone to drink- seeking behaviors and alcohol tolerance. They can consume large amounts of alcohol to Alcohol abusers also have the psychological capacity to think of alcohol as a way to cure hangovers and exhibit the compulsion or the urge to drink or the compulsive need to consume alcohol. Those who exhibit alcohol abuse also show signs of alcohol abuse. Alcohol dependence is defined as a chronic disease that is influenced by the social and environmental factors. According to experts, Alcohol dependence is used by a person to avoid social and emotional problems in life. There are four signs of alcohol dependence: Constant craving for alcohol Withdrawal symptoms associated with the sudden stop of alcohol consumption Inability to stop alcohol consumption Alcohol tolerance Alcohol dependence brings about certain signs that show that a person is alcohol dependent: The urge to drink every morning Drinking alone and to feel comfortable around people Drinking to the point of experiencing blackout or results to intoxification Drinking to relieve tension or settle emotional or mental problems References Alcohol Dependence. (n.d.). Retrieved from The Health Authority: http://www.healthauthority.com/AlcoholDependence.htm   

Economic Value Added (EVA) Statement Research Paper

Economic Value Added (EVA) Statement - Research Paper Example EVA is one such performance measurement tool that captures the financial profit and shareholders wealth. â€Å"EVA subtracts the cost of capital from the net operating profits after tax (NOPAT) generated in the business. It is a measure of the residual income from the income statement after accounting for the cost of the balance sheet† (Economic Value Added, 2007). How can Economic Value Added (EVA) Statements be used to improve financial statement reporting, results, and success? EVA statements are formed on the basis of two financial statements-the balance sheet and the income statement. EVA Statements can be Used as a Valuable Tool to Improve the Financial Statements: With the correct prediction of economic profits every financial year, EVA statement shows how much value is additional to the capital. It helps to set the goals of business, incentives of management, and pay bonuses for better performances which cannot be obtained from the cash flows of financial statement. .. . It helps to analyze the capital budgeting and long term investment decisions of the firm. Since it helps in calculating the financial profits, it can be a very useful performance measure which supports the financial statement of the business. It increases the average rate the of returns of shareholders. This helps to increase the rate of capital. EVA statement clearly specifies how much amount is given as tax, and therefore helps correct estimation of expenses in the financial statement. It also shows the economic value generated and distributed in the business. EVA can raise the firm’s investment, which is presently very low. The managers are thus paying attention on increasing earnings that they acquire on projects, for which the earnings do not validate the capital investments. EVA statements are based on financial statements; it is helpful to find out any faults and make adjustments in the accounting principles that can improve the capital and operating profits. As financi al statements are based on the generally accepted accounting principles, there will be mistakes, and therefore correct adjustments one needed, which can be possible through the EVA. EVA statements help in calculating the weighted average cost of capital; it is useful to estimate the risk and returns involved in the project of the business. What are some of the problems found with EVA? Though EVA is a useful method to evaluate the performance of business; it has some limitations which are as follows: EVA is considered as a short term performance measurement tool. Companies focusing on long term investment decisions cannot use EVA as a performance measurement. The EVA for future investments can not be calculated independently with every performance calculation, as

What should people set there goals in life Essay

What should people set there goals in life - Essay Example Setting and achieving goals translate to the feelings of accomplishment and success life. This spurs greater confidence and productivity. Setting goals in life helps propel and individual forward. When the goal is written down a alongside it dates of accomplishment, it makes an individual something to plan and work for, towards its achievement. Additionally, proper goal setting enables one to break what might have seemed large and intimidating into something small, hence easily achievable. The small milestones that one starts with enhance the achievement of greater aspirations in life. Another import aspect of setting personal goals is that it enhances the belief in oneself. This helps in fuelling ambitions and the inspiration necessary for aiming for great things in life. On the same note, setting personal goals facilitate an individual to be accountable for failures that might arise. These goals go a long way to helping an individual to evaluate the milestones achieved during specified time duration. It is also imperative to note and take into account that goals help an individual know what they truly want in life. Depending on an individual’s desires, goal give that sense of direction towards what should be accomplished. Lastly, a person who has set goals has the ability to live their life, in the desired lifestyle, to the fullest. This is achieved through the accomplishment s realised out of every moment spent alive. Therefore, it is imperative to note that in order to have fulfilment in life, people should set goals that enable them live

MANAGING IN A MIXED ECONOMY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

MANAGING IN A MIXED ECONOMY - Essay Example In today’s mixed economy, governments belonging to diverse nations have been dealing with private organisations through PPP as it provides three major facilities. First, PPP is quite efficient in assisting government to react with increasing demand of infrastructure based services. The second facility is that PPP assists government to exploit the public resources that would be utilised for making infrastructure development, hence shifting the liability of capital outlay to the private segment. PPP permits government to allocate resources for other admirable improvement related expenditures. And the third facility is that PPP supports government in terms of effective supply of services. The corporate pattern of private segment provides improved effectiveness and also offers higher returns on investment in comparison to government possession. The root of so called PPP is considered to be originated from the United States and the United Kingdom correspondingly. Denationalisation of public services and deregulation are few key aspects which has characterised the new era of management reorganisation and restructure of governmental activities (Bovaird & Loffler, 2009). With respect to PPP, the UK is considered as the leader. UK has first presented large scale PPPs in the economy. From the years 1987 to 2004, the government of the UK has contracted about 677 PPPs that valued nearly about  £43 billion. ?43 billion. The amount of PPPs in the UK has increased considerably from the year 2000 due to increased pressure from the citizens to provide as well as to develop essential infrastructures for them (McQuaid & Scherrer, 2008). PPP is the tag for standard modification in public management which is applied mainly for innovative improvements. PPP has its derivation from established business administration concept which is overwhe lming the incompetent distribution of resources in public authorities and delivery of public services. Public establishments are found to suffer from several economic disasters because of inherent faults in functional and operational management. PPP therefore attempts to gain substantial profit from the improvement of public segments by a greater level (Richards & Smith, 2002). It has been apparently observed that the governments belonging to dissimilar nations established PPP in order to encourage privatisation and support private entrepreneurs. However, it is worth mentioning that PPP is basically regarded as a set of institutional association between government and several actors of private segment. PPP is viewed to be neither an improvement strategy nor an unattached collaboration between different representatives; rather it is continuing set of dealings to accomplish certain predetermined objectives (McCartney & Stittle, 2008). The government of the UK believes PPP as a variety of business structures and partnership arrangements. The government of the UK has developed three major types of PPP which are proprietorship, endowment of services and sales of public services. Furthermore, PPP has corresponding role in allowing organisations to provide mutual basis between public and private segment in order to encou

International aid is always welcome. Discuss Essay

International aid is always welcome. Discuss - Essay Example Foreign or international aids play a very imperative role in the overall development of a country unless it gets utilized properly. International aid is mainly required in case of scarcity of economic resources or for any other natural restraint, when a country needs sufficient amount of foreign funds in the style of foreign aids to regain its position. Generally foreign or international aid is presented to reduce the deficit budgets, trade promotions along with strategic considerations. Other than this, Foreign or international aids are also offered in the form of economic, technical or military relief by one nation to another for the purpose of rehabilitation and support to make a real life difference. Not only this, foreign aids are also offered so as to present the opportunity to attain basic educational facilities to the poor children as well (Little & Clifford, 2005). Due to such reasons, it is highly admired by the individual all round the world. There are mainly two types of aids like emergency and developmental aids. Emergency aids are those presented by varied nations to offer relief to the individual ruined due to natural calamity such as fire, drought, flood, sudden break out of epidemic and breaking of large boulders and many others. Apart from this, aids are also offered in case of developmental purposes as well. When a developmental country is trying to become developed, then varied types of aids are also offered to help the suffering individual of those countries (Little & Clifford, 2005). These aids help in improving the condition and status of the individual in the developing countries and it is highly preferred by all of them. Discussion The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) is one of the well-known international reliefs providing organization positioned in New York of USA. It was established in the year 1946 in the month of December. It is established in order to offer emergency relief and developmental support to the suffered families . It also works for the betterment of the poor and deprived families and mothers so as to improve their living conditions and economic standards. Therefore, these organizations are developed in order to improve and protect the families below poverty line and also to protect the rights of the small children as well. Almost 16 million individual became victimised due to the devastating drought that broke in Africa (UNICEF UK, n.d.). In 18th April, in the year 2000, a massive drought broke out in the eastern and southern parts of Africa in which numerous families and children became homeless and almost ruined (UNICEF UK, n.d.). At that time, in order to help those ruined families, UNICEF came forward. It offered varied types of reliefs such as money, clothes, food, medicines and safe drinking water facilities to those families and individual. Other than this, it also appealed for proper medicinal treatment for the children suffering varied types of trouble-some diseases (UNICEF UK, n.d .). Therefore, in order to treat these suffered individuals, UNICEF appealed for $1.7 million from both government and private donors. But they received only $ 500,000 to fulfil the basic needs like water, medicines, food, clothes and others. This helped in saving the lives of numerous suffered and diseased individual and children to

The topic is Prostitution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The topic is Prostitution - Research Paper Example A mere act of law will possibly not solve all the problems related to this issue. It might be argued by some people that legalizing prostitution will make it easier to control the dark and corrupt side of this trade. It will give some measure of dignity to the sex workers. It will ensure they get regular health check-ups and they are not left to the mercy of unscrupulous pimps or customers. They shall be better paid and ultimately like any other organized sector they shall get some measure of legal protection. (Hayes-Smith and Shekarkhar, 50) Although this is one way of looking at it there is another viewpoint, which considers prostitution to be a threat to the institution of marriage. According to this group legalizing prostitution will result in the break-up of many marriages, as it will make it easier for spouses to cheat on their partners. One might argue that a faithful spouse shall remain so even if prostitution is legalized. So if in the long run legalizing this trade results in some long-term benefits for the women concerned it should be seriously considered. (Hayes-Smith and Shekarkhar, 53) It has been discovered that indoor sex workers are less likely to face violence than prostitutes who work on the streets. Surveys conducted in Vancouver, British Columbia have revealed that about 67% of the indoor sex workers had never faced any violence in their profession. This survey concentrated on massage parlors, escort agencies and women who worked as independent sex workers. This was in stark contrast to the violence faced by women who worked on the streets of Vancouver. Here the rate of violence was as high 98% and it is obvious from this survey that indoor sex work is safer than working on the streets. I n the United Kingdom Jeal and Salisbury reported that 79% of their indoor sex workers had never faced violence. Another survey conducted by Sanders and Campbell found that around 76% to 79% of the indoor sex workers had never experienced violence (O’Doherty, 218). So if the Government legalizes prostitution the women will no longer have to work on the streets. They can operate from their own private set-ups without fear of prosecution. This will give them greater autonomy and more litheness. They will no longer be at the mercy of pimps and middlemen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A lack of awareness and education puts most prostitutes at a disadvantage. As a result of this when they face violence of any kind they are unable to fight for their rights. Moreover there is a feeling among certain sections of the public that anybody engaged in this kind of profession deserve what they get .A prostitute who complains of violence by the customer is therefore not likely to receive much sympathy. Legalization of prostitution will enable women to fight for their rights. It will also protect them from corrupt law-enforcement officials. (O’Doherty, 223-224)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The fact that economic problems might lead to an increase in the level of prostitution is borne out by what we see in Russia today. There has be en a rise in the level of prostitution in Russia. Unfortunately little action has been taken by the State to regulate and control this industry. As a result of this venereal diseases and HIV infection has spread rapidly. According to the information of the Ministry of Health of Saratov oblast, in 1996-2003 the number of people infected with AIDS was

Philosophy of Justice in Plato's Republic Essay

Philosophy of Justice in Plato's Republic - Essay Example This phenomenon is reflected in the dialogue between Socrates and Thrasymachus, as the dialogue has been incorporated in a book I of Plato’s Republic. The view of Socrates on justice is in opposition to that of Thrasymachus, as revealed through the arguments developed by each of them. The evaluation of these arguments leads to the assumption that Socrates’ thoughts on justice are based on fairness and equality, a fact that ensures justice, in all its aspects. On the other hand, the view of Thrasymachus on justice follows a different direction, being able to result in social conflicts. It is probably for this reason that, in the end, Thrasymachus recognize the value of Socrates’ view on justice and accept his failure in understanding the actual role of individuals within the society, including their role in the promotion of justice. In accordance with Thrasymachus, ‘justice is nothing else but the interest of the most powerful’ (338c Plato’s Re public I). Thrasymachus defends the above definition by developing a series of arguments, as described below. At the first level, Thrasymachus states that the types of polities globally are many. There are countries based on monarchy, others are based on aristocracy and others are based on democracy (338d). ... Thus, justice, as based on the laws introduced by the most powerful, serves the interests of the latter; the above phenomenon, as Thrasymachus notes is common in all countries, no matter their polity. In regard to the above argument of Thrasymachus, Socrates notes that governors are also likely to introduce laws, which are in opposition with their interests; citizens are obliged to respect these laws, as also the laws serving the interests of governors (339e). In other words, citizens have to deal with two different types of laws: those that serve the interests of governors and those serving the interests of citizens. From this point of view, the view of Thrasymachus that justice is only the interest of the most powerful is proved to be invalid. In regard to the above, Thrasymachus supports that governors cannot introduce laws that are opposed to their interests. Rather they are expected to always promote their interests, making no mistakes in choosing laws that promote those interes ts (340d), exactly like those who are experts in a particular science or art. Those experts do not make mistakes since in this case, they would lose their power, has resulted from their role as experts (340d). In this context, as Thrasymachus notes, a true governor is not expected to make mistakes; therefore he promotes only his interests (341a). Socrates abjures the above argument referring to the example of a doctor, as used previously by Thrasymachus. Socrates notes that a doctor is a therapist; therefore, he has to take care of the health problems of ill people (341c).  

Company law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Company law - Essay Example The committee must also make sure that remuneration arrangements strictly abide by the regulatory bodies’ requirements and meet the expectations of shareholders as well as the wider employee population (ibid). Earlier, controversial director remuneration increases in the United Kingdom were widely criticised and as a result, the UK government framed a set of regulations to control executive director remuneration. According to the Code of Best Practice suggested by the Greenbury committee, the remuneration committee must be comprised of non executive directors. The Greenbury committee also directs to completely disclose the remuneration policy as well as directors’ individual remuneration package. The UK Corporate Governance Code 2010 or simply the Code, which is a set of some good corporate principles, describes various procedures involved in setting executive director remuneration in public limited companies. Section D.1 of the UK Corporate Governance Code 2010 states that the level of remuneration should be sufficient enough to attract, motivate, and retain executive directors and thereby run the company successfully. At the same time, the level of executive remuneration must not be more than necessary. The section D.1 specifically says that â€Å"a significant proportion of executive directors’ remuneration should be structured so as to link rewards to corporate and individual performance† (The UK Corporate Governance Code, 2010). The Code continues that elements of performance-based executive remuneration must focus on the company’s long term success. In addition, the remuneration committee has to decide whether to structure their remuneration policy relative to other companies; however, the committee must consider the risk of higher levels of remuneration with no corresponding performance improvement. The committee should also consider pay and employment conditions while making decisions on annual salary increases. The Se ction D.2 deals with procedures involved in setting executive directors’ remuneration. According to this section, â€Å"there should be a formal and transparent procedure for developing policy on executive remuneration and for fixing the remuneration packages of individual directors† (The UK corporate governance code (The UK Corporate Governance Code, 2010). Referring to Main principles of the UK corporate governance code (genius methods, 2010) section D.2 clearly tells that no executive director must not be allowed to involve in setting his/her own remuneration (ibid). The remuneration committee has the obligation to confer with the chairman and/or chief executive regarding the effectiveness of the proposal framework structured on the executive director remuneration. The committee also has the responsibility to appoint consultants in order to effectively set a potential executive director remuneration policy. If there is an involvement from the part of executive direc tors of top management in advising or assisting the remuneration committee, due care must be exercised to timely identify and avoid conflicts of interest. It is the duty of the board chairman to ensure that the company effectively communicates to its shareholders regarding various aspects of the remuneration proposal. The section D.2.1 of the Code tells that there should be at least three (it can be two in case of smaller

Nelson Mandela Essay Example for Free

Nelson Mandela Essay In order to achieve something great, you must have desire, you must truly want it from the bottom of your heart. Born July 18, 1918, in a small town in South Africa, Nelson Mandela had the greatest passion to do anything to win his country’s independence. He fought for the rights of blacks in South Africa and for helpless people around the world. Motivated by his actions, the president of South Africa, P.W. Botha, imprisoned Mandela for twenty-seven years. When he was released in 1990, he immediately came back into the fight he had left for so long. He was elected president by the people of South Africa in 1994. His term in office ended in 1999, however, he still fought for racial equality and peace. Mandela died on December 5, 2013, in Johannesburg, South Africa. Although he has passed, his legacy still exists around the world today. Nelson Mandela should be the man of the century because he helped bring an end to apartheid in South Africa and his leadership not only affected the people of his country, but also people all around the world. According to Biography in Context, at the age of 24, Mandela joined the African National Congress which was a group who worked to establish social and political rights for blacks in South Africa. Mandela’s actions in the ANC caused him to be put in prison. Mandela stated that, â€Å"his organization only wanted equal rights for South Africans of all races, and added that the only way they would show their unhappiness was by nonviolent disruptive tactics† (Contemporary Black Biography 2). The ANC became illegal causing Mandela to form the Spear of the Nation which was a group that directed sabotage actions against government installations and other symbols of apartheid. These acts of violence resulted in life in prison for Mandela. Although he was cut-off from the entire world, he never lost hope, and the people never forgot this courageous leader. On February 11, 1990, one of the most prodigious events of the year, Mandela was free for the first time in twenty-seven yea rs. In 1993, the nation was moving closer to free and  fair elections. On Election Day, in the first-ever democratic election, Mandela had been victorious, and became the first ever black president of the Republic of South Africa. During his presidency, Mandela focused on issues such as, â€Å"health, housing, education, and the development of public utilities and economic stability. The government also introduced legislation requiring workplace safety, overtime pay, and minimum wages† (Contemporary Black Biography 5). Mandela improved his countries living just in the short years that he was in office. The words that once came out of young Mandela’s mouth, â€Å"I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die† (Contemporary Black Biography 3). These words show the power and passion behind the heart of Mandela. He was willing to die for the freedom of his people like Christ died for our sins. The love he had for his country was like the love a mother and father have for their children. His courage, strength, and dedication changed the world forever. Mandela’s actions were too tremendous to only affect the little country of South Africa. His actions affected many places around the world. He encouraged many people to stand up for their rights of freedom. Although people such as President Reagan, according to NBC News, said the ANC was a terrorist group and they should not be praised and represented around the world because it engaged in, â€Å"calculated terror†¦the mining of roads, the bombing of public places, designed to bring about further repression† (Robert Windrem). I, along with many other people, do not believe this is true. Mandela was only fighting for the freedom which his country deserved, fighting for the happiness of his people, and fighting for the generations to come. The actions that Mandela took were only caused by the first sight of violence from the British police. If you were being controlled, and forced to live your life the way certain people wanted, wouldn’t you do whatever you co uld to stop it? Nelson Mandela left a legacy that will last for hundreds of years. The  apartheid movement that he led in South Africa, not only affected South Africans, but also affected nations on the other side of the globe. He is a man who will stand out from any other in the past and upcoming centuries. I believe that Nelson Mandela is the man of the century because the world, today, would not be the same if he had never fought for the rights that we all deserve. Works Cited Contemporary Black Biography, . Biography in Context. Nelson Mandela. Contemporary Black Biography, 05 Dec 2013. Web. 13 Apr 2014. Windrem, Robert. NBC News. Nelson Mandela a terrorist until 2008. NBC News, 07 Dec 2013. Web. 13 Apr 2014.

Equality Act Essay Example for Free

Equality Act Essay In the spring of 2010, The Equality Act 2010 became law. Before this act came into place there were many old legislations in place to support anti-discriminatory practices, however this new act made it all easier to understand and follow. Stronger laws were needed because many people believed that the old equality laws did not make equality happen fast enough, for example disabled people were more likely to be out of work, men were still being paid more than women for the same kind of job, and people from different races were still finding it hard to get a job. Some of the main changes that you will need to be aware of when working within this health and social care setting are; All public bodies must think about treating people from different groups fairly and equally. This is called the Equality Duty. This means that public bodies need to look at how they can support people from all different backgrounds, areas, sexuality, religion or ethnic origin. Also public bodies must look at how they can help to stop people doing less well than other people based on their family background or where they are from, for example children from poorer families often don’t do as well in school as those who come from a more fortunate background even if they are considered to be smarter, this is called socio-economic equality. Therefore public bodies must look into how they can support these children, in order to distinguish the inequality between family backgrounds. Before this act was in place public bodies had already recognised the need for treating people of different races, disabled people and men and women equally and fairly, however the new act adds even more groups of people to the Equality Duty, these include; people of different ages, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people, those with a religion or people and those without, and women who are having a baby and also just after they have had their baby. New rules to make sure that older people are treated fairly. The old legislations already stated that employers could not say that some was too old or too young for a hob, however it was felt older people were still treated unfairly in other ways. For example some companies charge older people more for their service/product than they would charge a younger person, without good reason to do so. Therefore this change states that  older people should not be charged more than a younger person would be for the same service/product unless they have a valid reason for doing so. Also the act ensures that older people are given the same standard of care within a hospital setting as any younger person would. However this act does not change things, which are already good for people of different ages such as a free bus pass and flu injections for older people or travel passes, and student cards for younger people. The act includes more to stop disabled people being treated unfairly. Treating people who have a disability without good reason is now much better protected within the equality act; it is now against the law to treat a person unfairly because of their disability. An employer is now not permitted to ask a person if they are disabled prior to an interview unless they can prove that it is so that they can make reasonable adjustments for the job interview. The equality act makes it much harder for an employer to be unfair as they can only sometimes ask if a person is disabled. The act now includes policies on reasonable adjustment for people with disabilities, for example if a disabled school pupil needs specialist equipment to enable their learning, then the school must provide this if it is consider reasonable, as this is classed as a reasonable adjustment. Also the act now states that information for disabled people must be displayed in a way that is clear for them to understand, this is also considered a reasonable adjustment. For example for those who are partially sighted or blind, then healthcare settings should make adjustments so that they decode and understand the information this could be by providing the information in braille, or simply making the font larger and therefore easier to see. The act has 2 new ideas to make men and women’s wages easier to compare. Before the new equality act came into place many men were still considered to get more wages than women, despite the fact that 40 years ago an equal pay law came into place, which stated that employers should pay men and women equally for doing the same sort of work. The Equality Act includes 2 new ideas about how to make equal pay happen more effectively, companies that employ over 150 workers must publish information about equal pay and how many workers they employ who are disabled or from different races, and  also the act stops employers from telling workers that they cannot talk about their pay with each other. The act makes it clear that women can breast-feed their babies in shops, cafes and other places. The new equality act made it clear that it is against the law to stop a woman from breast feeding her baby in places such as cafes, buses, restaurants and shops or to ask her to leave the premises. The act protects people from dual discrimination. Dual discrimination is when a person is treated unfairly because of a combination of two of the protected characteristics. These are: Age Disability Gender reassignment Pregnancy and maternity Religion or belief Race Marriage and civil partnership Sex Sexual orientation An example of dual discrimination could be that James is a homosexual man who works for an employer who treated heterosexual men and homosexual women fairly, however he treated James unfairly this is due to the fact that he is male and a homosexual, therefore this is considered to be dual discrimination, and the new equality act protects against this. Because of the Equality Act 2010 our care setting, Sunnyside residential home has many policies and procedures that we must comply with to make sure that you are not discriminating against anyone you care for, and also to make sure that as an employee you are not being discriminated against. Five of these policies are listed below. Age Equality Policy This policy sets out how Sunnyside residential home will work towards the promotion of age equality in all of its activities. The Equality Act 2010 makes discrimination on the grounds of age unlawful. Age discrimination  happens when someone is treated unfairly based on his or her age without good reason. Sunnyside residential home strives to be recognised as a company whom provides good employment prospects for people of all different ages and we treat individuals who apply for employment with us with fair treatment based solely on their qualifications, ability, experience and suitability for the position. Sunnyside residential home is fully committed to promoting equality and equal opportunities for all ages. We do not tolerate any discriminatory behaviour by any member of our staff in the residential home; we have a zero tolerance for bullying and harassment. Within in the home we also treat service users fairly no matter their age, no one is judged or stereotyped and as employe es we strive to support all the needs of our service users and not just their age or ability. Disability Discrimination Policy This policy sets out how Sunnyside residential home will work towards the promotion of disability in all of its activities. The Equality Act 2010 makes discrimination on the grounds of disability unlawful. Sunnyside residential home strives to be recognised as a company whom provides good employment prospects for people of all different abilities and disabilities, and we wish individuals who apply to us to know that they will receive fair treatment from us and that they will be treated solely on their qualifications, experience, ability and suitability for the position. We support our staff with all disabilities as long as they are still able to complete the job to a high standard. In the residential home we strive to provide reasonable adjustments to enable better care for our service users such as equal access to all buildings for wheelchair users such as ramps, lifts and also handrails. Also for those whom are hard of hearing we have a hearing loop to aid them. We also provide inf ormation displayed in a way which is easier for people who are partially sighted to blind to understand such as braille, or large, clear lettering, in line with the Equality Act 2010. Sex/Gender Discrimination Policy This policy sets out how Sunnyside residential home will work towards the promotion of sex/gender equality in all of its activities. The Equality Act  2010 makes discrimination on the grounds of sex/gender unlawful. Sunnyside residential home strives to be recognised as a company whom provides good employment prospects for people despite their gender. We wish individuals who apply to us to know that they will receive fair treatment from us and that they will be treated solely on their qualifications, experience, ability and suitability for the position. Sunnyside residential home works within the guidelines of The Equality Act 2010 as we provide equal pay for our male and female employees who are employed to do the same or similar job. Also we strive to make sure that all our residents are also treated fairly despite whether they are male or female. All our employees are trained in how to promote anti discriminatory practices and how to recognised the signs of discrimination to ens ure that our residents are protected from this. Maternity Policy This policy sets out how Sunnyside residential home will work towards the promotion of equality for women whom are having a baby or have just had a baby. The Equality Act 2010 makes discrimination on the grounds of maternity unlawful. As it stated within in the Equality Act, it is unlawful to stop a woman who is breastfeeding her baby or ask her to leave, therefore within our home we provide private areas within the home in which if they choose to, women may use to feed their babies. Also for women whom have just had their baby, as their employer we strive to allow job changes wherever possible to support our employees so that it is more suitable for them. Also within our policy we provide maternity leave for women who are pregnant and when they have had their baby. Anti-harassment Policy Sunnyside residential home is committed to ensuring equal opportunities and fair treatment within the workplace for all employees and service users. Our aim is to create an environment where all employees and service users feel comfortable and in which everyone is treated with respect and dignity, regardless of their gender, sexual orientation, transgender status, colour, nationality, culture, religion, age or disability. This policy aims to ensure that nobody within the home is subjected to any form of harassment or  bullying, and to provide a procedure for those who believe they are being harassed or bullied to raise a complaint. We treat all complaints of bullying and harassment absolutely seriously, and will always investigate them thoroughly and promptly and in confidence. All employees and service users have the right to make a complaint if they feel they are being treated in a manner that constitutes harassment or bullying. This includes behaviour that may have caused offenc e, embarrassment or distress. Also any employee who witnesses an incident of harassment or bullying should report this incident to their superior; we will take reports such as this seriously and investigate the complaint in confidence. In order to make a formal complaint against someone who you feel has been bullying or harassing you or someone else, then this must been done so in writing and forwarded to your superior. A panel will then investigate this, and then the person against whom the claim has been made will be informed. Depending on the severity of the situation the person whom the complaint has been made against could face a possible suspension from work during the investigation. Depending on the outcome of the investigation the complainant could face no further action; they could be relieved of their duties and no longer be employed by the residential home or could even face a criminal conviction. Since The Equality Act became law in 2010, bringing together all of the old legislations into one big more effective legislation, discrimination has been tackled more efficiently within health and social care settings. Although discrimination is still happening sometimes with healthcare settings as some people are still ignorant towards the policies on equality and diversity there are now much simpler, easy to understand procedures on how to deal with this discriminatory behaviour. All healthcare settings must follow the policies and procedures within The Equality Act 2010, in order to promote anti-discriminatory practice. The Equality Act 2010 has brought many positives to promoting anti-discriminatory practice, for example it has been much more effective in bringing about proper equal pay for men and women as now employers are not allowed to tell their employees not to discuss their wages, and they have to publish information about equal pay making it much harder to discriminate an d not provide equal pay. Also I feel that the new policy has helped to prevent discrimination against disabled people when applying for employment, as employers are now not allowed to ask  potential employees whether they have a disability or not unless this affects their ability to attend interview or they are required to make reasonable adjustments, therefore reducing employers ability to discriminate against people with disabilities, and not employ them because of their disability. Before this act was in place upon finding out that potential employees had disabilities employers were more likely to not even offer the candidate an interview for the job based solely on the fact that that they are in some way disabled and not on their ability to do the job, when in truth they may well have been able enough to complete the tasks of the job, but employers discriminated against them. Now this is unlawful and employers can be prosecuted for it in accordance with the Equality Act. An example of where The Equality Act 2010 has been used recently is in a news report in 2012, where the elderly were being denied life-saving treatment for heart attacks and surgery following breast cancer, this report shows the age discrimination that took place across the NHS, where doctors were making an assumption based on the patients age instead of their individual ability to recover. The Equality Act 2010 states that it is unlawful to treat anyone worse than anyone else based on their age, therefore as a result of this act, policies have now been put in place to stop ageism in the health service, where the elderly can now sue if they are unfairly refused treatment based on their age. References https://www.don.ac.uk/PDF/E_D_policy_anti-harrassment_anti-bullying.pdf https://don.blackboard.com/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_tab_group_id=_2_1url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_499197_1%26url%3D https://www.gov.uk/equality-act-2010-guidance http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2242593/Ageism-hospitals-leaves-elderly-heart-attack-breast-cancer-victims-die.html

Steps in Formulating Business Strategy

Steps in Formulating Business Strategy What is strategy? Why is it so challenging for organisations? Introduction: â€Å"Strategy† It’s [A1]a one word but it have a whole language in it. Strategy can be describe in its best meaning that it’s the way of Art and Science of Planning And marshalling [A2]the resources for their most affective an offensive use to bring about a desired future. Strategy is the way through which an organization can move from one milestone to other in pursuit of the overall goals. Without Strategy a company can be like a person without its nervous system so if an Organization wants to move in a race with other companies they have to make solid strategies for their organization. The term Strategy is derived from the Greek â€Å"strategos† meaning a general set of man oeuvres carried out to overcome an enemy. Strategy mostly involves to Set goals determine the actions to achieve goals and mobilizing resources to execute the actions. The main them of strategy is how the end goal will be achieved through the mean (Resources). There three main compon ents of any strategy (Petros DeSimone, 2010). 1) Diagnosis 2) Guiding Policy: That will define how to deal with those challenges 3) Action Plans: Its Designed to carry out the guiding policy Diagnosis: This step is basic Component for any strategy planner though this the worker of an organization get able know which kind of challenge is this it will and it will explain whole scenario of challenge to the worker of an organization (Petros DeSimone, 2010). Guiding Policy: As a worker of an organization get Diagnosis of a challenge to its organization then a guiding policy will be needed which will define how to deal with that challenge which they are facing? Action plan: After Guiding policy the worker needs an Action Plans which is designed to carry out that guiding policy Beside these three basic components strategy involves two major processes which are 1) Formulating Strategy 2) Implementing Strategy (Petros DeSimone, 2010). Formulating strategy: This step basically depends upon the components of strategy. Formulation involves analyzing the environment or situation, making diagnosis and developing the guiding policy. Implementing Strategy: Implementation refers to the action plans taken to achieve goals which are established by the guiding policy. [A3] Why strategy is so challenging for organizations? To run a business or organization strategies are needed without that organization or a company can’t reach to our desired goal[A4]. Strategies are like a soul for organizations, because with time they have to face tough challenges and to complete those challenges strategies plays important role.[A5] With time to time the board of director change their strategies because of Competitor which are in market and need to unique strategy through which they can produce the result in order to maintain the fruitful result in a reliability of specific organization (Goldhirsch, et, all, 2011). Here are some points which strategy make rs thinks before making strategy and this indicates why Strategies are so challenging for an organizations Strategy Formulation and Implementation: Strategy formulation and implementation areseparate,[A6] distinguishable parts of the strategic management process of business. Logically, implementation follows formulation; one cannot implement something until that something exists (Donnelly, et, all, 2009). Without formulation and implementation the business cannot give the fruit which organization desires. Formulation and implementation is like a two legs of strategy which able to move it on their way Execution takes time: The successful implementation of strategy takes more time than its formulation. This can challenge managers’ attention to execution details. The longer time frame can also detract from managers’ attention to strategic goals (Donnelly, et, all, 2009). Controls must be set to provide feedback and keep management abreast of external â€Å"shocks† and changes. The process of execution must be dynamic and adaptive, responding to unanticipated events. This imperative challenges managers responsible for execution. Understanding uncertainties and risks: In business the board of director has to think on the answer of the question that: how did we get here? Answering this question is a more difficult for deciding what policies and actions will push future performance in the desired direction.And while moving in that direction the directors have to think about the risks and uncertainties in business and for limiting and low down effect of that risks they have to make best strategy because if that strategy fails on that risks their company will not able to stand in market as they were before (Jansen Janssen, 2010). Assessing and selecting among options: The goal is to select now, without perfect information, the strongest set of actions that will move the business towards its goals. Here it is important to consider not only the potential ‘bottom line’ benefits, but also the each of option under uncertain future conditions and the relative difficulty and time required for implementation (Jansen Janssen, 2010). Customer Retention: IF an organization doesn’t have an effective business strategy for costumer they will lose the customers easily and for that organization needs Develop a program for following up on customers, and for staying in touch with repeat customers to make sure your products are working properly. Organization has tried to find new ways to help the customer with your product. When customers call in with problems, there needs to be an established and efficient customer service strategy in place to reduce customer stress (MandiĆ¡, Basili, Harjumaa, Oivo Markkula, 2010, September). Customer follow-up procedures and efficient customer service programs are essential to customer retention and sales revenue. Clarity in Direction of Activities: Strategies focus on direction of activities by specifying what activities are to be undertaken for achieving organizational objectives (MandiĆ¡, Basili, Harjumaa, Oivo Markkula, 2010, September). They make the organizational objectives more clear and specific. For example, a business organization may define its objective as profit earning or a non-business organization may define its objective as social objective. strategies will provide how profit objective can be sharply defined in terms of how much profits is to be earned and what resources Of how much profit is to be earned and what resources will be required for that. When objectives are spelled out in these terms, they provide clear direction to per-sons in the organization responsible for implementing various courses of action. Most people perform better if they know clearly what they are expected to do and where their organization is going (MandiĆ¡, Basili, Harjumaa, Oi vo Markkula, 2010, September). Organizational Management: Management of any organization is playing a pivotal role in order to maintain strategy and the business on the zenith. This is the management which makes all success possible, through assurance of team work. This is the management which make the company out from the peril and which safe the company from any difficult situation. The role of management is much more authentic and much more systematic which includes the system much provide the way to accomplished the given tasks by higher authorities. This is the reason through which staffs are organized and all works are managed (MandiĆ¡, Basili, Harjumaa, Oivo Markkula, 2010, September). Feasibility Study: Feasibility study is most essential in order to maintain the work of the firm and for strategy planning. Through this feasibility process management of our firm must be active to know that what is actual amount which is use to initiate any business or to maintain any firm. Feasibility study is the keen interest of the person which effectively works in order to maintain the system more actively and more systematically (MandiĆ¡, Basili, Harjumaa, Oivo Markkula, 2010, September). The feasibility study tells our organization that how much budget we have to initiate any project in UAE or to maintain it into the sustainability and harmonizing it. Competitor Analysis: The competitor analysis is the techniques which must be known by the manager or higher authorities’ officials to maintain the status of their company into peak. This is the analysis in which a manager forecasting the capabilities and future position of his own firm and compare it with other firm. After getting result he engages to work more for the sake of maintenance of his firm. In UAE the competition in business is getting increase day by day (MandiĆ¡, Basili, Harjumaa, Oivo Markkula, 2010, September). We must have to maintain the marketing and apply different techniques in order to beat the market value of our client. It also considering of following and take out the anti ways to beat the competition of your competition. We have to promotes our policies and provide the best results with best deals of facilitates to attract the more clients (MandiĆ¡, Basili, Harjumaa, Oivo Markkula, 2010, September). [A7] Conclusion: To be on successive path organization or company should have to think about what best strategy they would make so they can stand in market and beat their competitors in marketing line. Without strategies company will not able to stand a day and if the directors of organizations want fruitful organization then they have to make first pillar first which is Strategy. References: Donnelly, J. E., Blair, S. N., Jakicic, J. M., Manore, M. M., Rankin, J. W., Smith, B. K. (2009). American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults.Medicine and science in sports and exercise,41(2), 459-471. Retrieved from http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/19127177[A8] Goldhirsch, A. 2., Wood, W. C., Coates, A. S., Gelber, R. D., Thà ¼rlimann, B., Senn, H. J. (2011). Strategies for subtypes—dealing with the diversity of breast cancer: highlights of the St Gallen International Expert Consensus on the Primary Therapy of Early Breast Cancer 2011.Annals of oncology, mdr304. Retrieved from http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/06/27/annonc.mdr304.short[A9] Jansen, F., Janssen, D. (2010). Effects of positive politeness strategies in business letters.Journal of pragmatics,42(9), 2531-2548 retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378216610000627 MandiĆ¡, V., Basili, V., Harjumaa, L., Oivo, M., Markkula, J. (2010, September). Utilizing GQM+ Strategies for business value analysis: An approach for evaluating business goals. InProceedings of the 2010 ACM-IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement(p. 20). ACM. Retrieved from http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1852813 Petros, R. A., DeSimone, J. M. (2010). Strategies in the design of nanoparticles for therapeutic applications.Nature Reviews Drug Discovery,9(8), 615-627. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/nrd/journal/v9/n8/abs/nrd2591.html[A10] [A1]Weak Start [A2]And should have been smaller [A3]Could have elaborayed [A4]Our desired goal, means? [A5]Weak sentence [A6]Why it is italics? [A7]Kindly arrange the document so as to relate to the topic and present strong arguments. [A8]Irrelevant reference [A9]Irrelevant reference [A10]All references are utter nonsense, nothing is relevant

With the setting of the sun Essay -- English Literature

With the setting of the sun In F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel, The Great Gatsby, there is a constant feeling of movement and the desire to get away. Nick, Gatsby, Wilson, Tom and Daisy all move, or have the intention of moving. Not only does this movement seem to foreshadow events in the book, but it also seems to lead to the conclusion that society as a whole in the 1920's was rather unstable and was undergoing constant change. Not all the characters move in the same way, and this shows how different their backgrounds and lifestyles are. The main movement seems to be from west to east. Throughout the decades man is said to be progressing through the steps of evolution and toward the setting sun, or east to west. The characters move in opposite direction from which the sun sets, which seems significant to the physical and psychological patterns of the characters. The two main characters that movement affects are Nick and Gatsby. The movement of Nick and Gatsby in this direction shows us how their personalities and feelings change as the sun goes down. There are also the various meanings that the sun has, that seems to map out, or affect their near future. The sun foreshadows Nick and Gatsby's actions and emotions, which in turn are affected by the many representations the sun has. Jay Gatsby is a character that the sun affects in such a way that it becomes a symbol of his ability to direct his will and, when put together with his dream, this gives him a sense of purpose. Jimmie Gatz was born in a town in Minnesota. After changing his name to Jay Gatsby, he moved to West Egg, Long Island in order to start a new life revolved around impressing Daisy. Here the sun represents a psychological belief that surp... ...nd that they, "had never, all along, intended doing anything at all. But it was done now. It was too late."(139) Just as the colors begin to bloom in the dazzling night sky they fade and disappear out of sight, just as Nick moves away. The rising sun has been used to describe progress and evolution, but as the sun travels backwards, it shows people for who they really are. The light is shone hard on the characters, so much so that they have nothing to hide behind. This minor action seems to set and change the entire novel at the same time. It also fits in perfectly with the flow or plot of the book. It shows how the characters are slowly opening up to their surroundings, and how much the sun, metaphorically, affects them. Throughout the novel, the sun has shone light on certain characters to show the power and hidden creativity of the unconscious mind.

Serotonin Receptors and Transport Essay -- Prozac Medical Neurology Es

Serotonin Receptors and Transport Being that Fluoxetine (commercial name Prozac) basically functions as a selective reuptake inhibitor for the neurotransmitter serotonin, some discussion of this transmitter is needed before its reuptake inhibition can be addressed. Serotonin (5 hydroxytrytophan or 5HT, for short) is synthesized from the precursor amino acid tryptophan through the enzyme action of tryptophan hydroxylase (Abelson & Andrews,1997,p.794). This synthesis process occurs in the terminal boutons and the serotonin is contained in vesicles awaiting release when an action potential opens the calcium gates in the presynaptic terminal. Calcium flowing through the gate adheres to the vesicle membrane and to the terminal membrane causing the vesicle to rupture and release the transmitter across the synaptic gap (Kalat,2004,p.61). Serotonin has multiple receptor types and subtypes that are linked to many diverse neurological functions. Beginning in the 1970’s, radioligand techniques identified two broad categories of receptors, namely types 5-HT1 and 5-HT2, however, research has since identified another twelve types and associated subtypes bringing the current total to fourteen: 5HT1a,b,d,e,f, 5HT2a,b,c 5HT3, 5HT4, 5HT5a,b 5HT6, and 5HT7 (numbered suffixes represent types, lettered suffixes are subtypes). These serotonin receptor types vary by location within the brain, e.g., the highest density of 5HT1A receptors a found in the hippocampus and dorsal raphe nucleus, whereas the highest concentration of 5-HT2 sites are found in the medial prefrontal cortex (Abelson et al. 1997,p.794). Once released into the synaptic gap, serotonin is not broken down by... ... membrane (Williams et al,1998,p.3291). The exact mechanism for the inhibition is not, as yet, fully understood, however, a more complete chemical analysis of the likely processes is provided in the preceding section entitled â€Å"Specific Chemical Mechanisms.† References Abelson, J., & Andrews, P.(Eds.)(1997). Encyclopedia of Human Biology. San Diego, CA: Academy Press. Adelman, G. (Ed.)(1987). Encyclopedia of Neuroscience (Vol.2). Boston: Birkhauser. Kalat, J. W. (2004). Biological Psychology (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thompson-Wadsworth. Siegel, G.J., Agranoff, B.W., Albers, R.W., & Molinoff, P.B. (1994). Basic neurochemistry (5th ed.). New York: Raven Press. Shepherd, G.M. (1994). Neurobiology (3rd ed.). London: Oxford University Press. Williams, S., & Mauro, S. (1998). European journal of neuroscience, 10(10),3288-3295.

Writing and Being Chapter II Exploration: The River of Your Life :: Journal Writing

Writing and Being Chapter II Exploration: The River of Your Life Dear Journal, I've taken some looks back to early point of my life. I was curious to see what got me to this point in my life and what had me turn out to be the person that I am today. I went back as far as my birth to see or try to notice certain things or events that shaped my personality. Like I said, I went back as far as my birth to figure it out. My birth was most definitely the weirdest thing I've ever experienced, and the worst thing that I probably will ever experience, besides my death, which, so I've heard, is being born backward. Being born was so weird because it happened through a C-section. I was born on January 20, 1982 in a hospital in Chicago Heights, Illinois. I can't remember whether it was night or day. My parents were there, my grandparents were there. It felt weird because I had no idea whatsoever about what was going on at the time or where I was. I didn't even know what people were at the time, either. I thought the people watching over me were weird objects. I'm sure I was crying like crazy because of all the commotion. Then, I went to sleep later after all that and woke up. I was wondering what happened. I might have been in a different room for all I knew then or all I know now. Everything that went on during the first year or so was weird because I didn't know what I was doing or how I was doing it. I'd never experienced it before and didn't know what anything was. From that point on until age ten, about 1992, life was very easy. I didn't have to work for what I wanted, I'd still just have it given to me, in every place but school. But I was a good student who did the work, I just didn't like to do it. For a few years after my birth, my grandmother helped raise me while my mother was trying to attain some degree, Masters, Bachelor's, I'm not sure which. She used to roll me to the park every afternoon in a carriage and always fed

Affects of Westernization on Youth and Culture Essay

Youth are the back bone to a nation. The young generation occupies a special place in a society. They can change the future of the society with their spirited behavior. In a broader sense, the future of any society depends on the youth. The youth are ready to adapt changes because they are young, in search of truth and they are open to different ideas. Young people have better concentrating span contrary to old ones and that is how changes are brought in a society. All societies pay special attention to the youth. The youth acts as the motivating force of revolution. No revolution can be successful without the efforts of youth in a course of action. Their youthful energy enables them to perform great in every field and enables them to be innovative and skillful. Culture is the complete range of learned human behavior patterns. It includes a set of Customs, beliefs, and traditions. Culture is also shaped by Religion, language, festivals, dress, arts and craft. Culture is passed down from generation to generation. Youth of a society preserves its culture. All Cultures are naturally prone to change and, at the same time, to resist change. There are three general sources of influence that are responsible for both change and resistance to it: Forces at work within a society, Contact between societies and Changes in the natural environment. Within a society, processes leading to change include invention and culture loss. Inventions may be either technological or ideological. Technological inventions include new tools, energy sources, and transportation methods. Culture loss is an unavoidable result of old cultural patterns being replaced by new ones. For example, not many Pakistanis today know how to care for a horse. A century ago, this was common knowledge among many people because buggies and horse-riding were the only means of transportation. Since then, vehicles with internal combustion engines have replaced horses and horse care knowledge lost its importance. As a result, children are rarely taught these skills. Instead, they are trained in the use of the new technologies of automobiles, televisions, cellular phones, computers, and iPods. The processes leading to change that occur as a result of contact between societies are diffusion, acculturation and transculturation. Diffusion is the movement of things and ideas from one culture to another. When diffusion occurs, the form of a trait may move from one society to another but not its original cultural meaning. Acculturation is what happens to an entire culture when unfamiliar traits diffuse in on a large scale and significantly replace traditional cultural patterns. Transculturation is what happens to an individual when he or she moves to another society and adopts its culture. The word westernization is defined as â€Å"The social process of becoming familiar with or converting to the customs and practices of Western civilization†. The youth of Pakistan is talented and dedicated. Unfortunately, the youth today is involved in activities which are neither useful to them nor the nation. All that keeps them busy during the day are games, TV shows, movies and socializing with their peers which these days, is commonly called â€Å"hanging out†. At night, they’re busy chatting on the internet, listening to music, attending late night parties and some are even involved in illegal activities like smoking and drinking. They have no vision and instead of improving themselves or doing something productive, they choose to waste their time. All this is because of westernization of youth in Pakistan. Over the past decade, the youth of Pakistan has been adversely affected by western culture. A significant change has been observed in the culture of Pakistan. Many regional rituals have either been forgotten or replaced by western rituals; young people prefer western attire over national dress, fast food is preferred over regional food, family values are not practiced the way they used to, dating has become very common and violent behavior has become a trend among youngsters. In such a situation, culture cannot be passed on in its original form; it would rather be modified or to be more specific, westernized.

Buddhism In Other Countries

Buddhism began about 2,500 years ago, when young prince Siddhartha Gautama tried to understand the causes of suffering in the world. Siddhartha was born in Lumbini, Nepal, about five hundred years before Jesus of Nazareth, the founder of Christianity, and twelve hundred years before Muhammad, the founder of Islam. He lived for eighty years sometime between 563 and 400 BC. As Harvey writes, until he was twenty-nine years old, the prince lived a life of luxury in his palace within sight of the Himalayan mountains. Then, on several trips he made outside his palace, he saw for the first time people who suffered.Among them were an old man, a sick man, someone who had recently died, and a wandering monk. Following this sudden awakening to the suffering in the world, Siddhartha decided to leave his family and the safety of his palace to seek out the causes of suffering. He spent many years meditating, praying, and fasting. One day he became aware that people suffer when they want to hold on to material things. He realized that we should not become attached to possessions because nothing is permanent: eventually everything dies or becomes worn out. If we think anything will last forever, we are bound to suffer.The process of gaining Enlightenment took Gautama six years. At the age of thirty-five, Siddhartha Gautama, now the Buddha or Awakened One, began his lengthy teaching career of forty-five years. During this time he traversed Northern India with his band of disciples, discussing his teachings and practices freely with laypeople, religious leaders and officials of all kinds. He passed away at the age of eighty in 483 BCE. Schools of Buddhism The moment Siddhartha recognized the cause of suffering, he attained enlightenment, or the great awakening.From that point on, Siddhartha was known as the Buddha, the â€Å"enlightened one. † He spent the rest of his life teaching in India. As the teachings of the Buddha spread from India to other parts of Asia, two majo r schools of Buddhism developed: †¢ Theravada, the â€Å"Teaching of Elders† is a surviving school of the older branch of Buddhism and focuses to this day on preserving and perpetuating verbatim the original words of the historical Buddha. The Four Noble Truths, which were emphasized as the main teaching of the Buddha, are an aspect of self-benefit.Theravada extended in a southeastern direction and can be found today in Burma, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, Bangladesh and Indonesia. In Theravada Buddhism, the Buddha is considered a great teacher, and each individual is responsible for his or her own journey towards enlightenment †¢ Mahayana, the â€Å"Greater Vehicle† takes the broader approach to spread the teaching of the Buddha, following the heart or intention of the Buddha. The emphasis is on â€Å"upaya† or skilful means. Mahayana, traveled from India in a north easterly direction to China, Korea, and Japan.This tradition not only recognizes the Budd ha as a godlike figure but also involves devotion to other enlightened being called bodhisattvas. In Mahayana Buddhism, we find different schools of Buddhism such as Zen, Pure Land, Nichiren etc. Each school has developed its unique teachings, but we always find a common basic foundation of Buddhist teachings, as the entire Buddhist sects are based upon the Buddhist sutras or scriptures, which reveal the world of Enlightenment. One important difference between the Mahayana and Theravada schools is in their understanding of the concept of the Bodhisattva.A Bodhisattva is an individual who foregoes enlightenment to help other beings. In the Theravada tradition, a Bodhisattva is considered a preliminary step to a Buddha, a point illustrated in the Jataka tales (tales of the Buddha’s prior births), many of which contain stories of individuals who sacrifice themselves for the benefit of others. In the Mahayana tradition, however, the Bodhisattva represents the highest ideal. A Bod hisattva is a person who has attained the highest enlightenment, which is expressed in service to other beings.According to the Mahayana tradition, a person who pursues his own individual enlightenment becomes trapped in an inferior kind of enlightenment like a prison. As they attempt to escape suffering in the world of illusion, they tend to take this world more seriously; they take this illusion as real. Followers of the Mahayana, who understand emptiness, learn to pursue enlightenment within the world of illusion. By doing this, they can experience emptiness directly. Less emphasis is placed on spiritual practice aimed at individual enlightenment and more on the expression of compassion in daily life. EnlightenmentAll schools of Buddhism believe that every living beings experiences repeated lives on earth and has the opportunity to improve its next birth by performing good deeds in a current life. They also teach that after death, a being can be reborn into another form, such as an animal or insect, and will continue to be reborn until enlightenment is achieved. Enlightenment brings the ultimate goal of nirvana, the final death, which marks release from the cycle of rebirth and suffering. Buddhists believe that by following the Middle Way, the Four Noble Truths, and the Eightfold Path, freedom from the endless cycle of rebirth is possible.Powers write about the central teachings of Buddhism which include: The Middle Way: You must reject extremes of either wanting everything or renouncing everything and seek the balance of the Middle Way. The Four Noble Truths: 1. Suffering – Existence is a realm of suffering, from birth to growing old, becoming sick and dying, all life is suffering. 2. The Source of Suffering – Suffering arises from desire, wanting selfish pleasures, continued life, power and material possessions all lead to suffering. 3. Stopping Suffering – One must completely stop wanting things in order to control desire.Only when n o desire remains is enlightenment possible. 4. The Way to Stop Suffering – The only way to stop suffering and attain enlightenment is to follow the Eightfold Path. The Eightfold Path If a person follows these eight rules, the world will become a place where all people can live in harmony: 1. Right Understanding-It is only when one understands the four noble truths and follows the Eightfold path can one find true happiness 2. Right Aims – One should always love and help others and not cheat or want things that other people have 3.Right Speech – One should always tell the truth, and listen and communicate in order to understand others 4. Right Action – One should never kill, steal or be jealous of others. One should only perform good deeds for the sake of others benefits and not for ones own reward. 5. Right Work – One should only do work that will not harm other living creatures 6. Right Thinking – One should focus thoughts on positive in ord er to overcome difficulties. 7. Proper Awareness – One should never let ones’ body control the mind and should know when to say no. 8.Meditation – One should train one’s mind to concentrate and think deeply, to be inwardly attentive and reflective in order to find peace within ourselves. Buddhism in India As an independent spiritual tradition in India, Buddhism diverged from Hinduism (traditional Indian thought) in several major areas, though both aim at the common goal of emancipation. Consonant with Indian tradition, Buddha accepted the general world view and interpretation of existence current in the Upanishad tradition. He looked upon existence as a series of transmigrations or in Buddhist terms rebirths.Life is suffering within the confines of samsara. The law of cause and effect in the moral realm — karma — is the arbiter of destiny, and the ultimate goal is that of release into an ineffable and indefinable experience called Nirvana. B uddha accepted, with qualification, the Indian principle of meditation and concentration as the central means for breaking through the veil of delusion and gaining liberation. It is also clear that the development of Buddhism as a religious system depended on Indian reverence for the sage.This also led to the attempt to preserve his words, and the creation of a distinctive and independent religious tradition. After abandoning his life as a prince and reaching an understanding of the suffering in the world, the Buddha, or Enlightened One, spent the remaining forty years of his life teaching people about his Middle Way, that those who follow the middle path reject the extremes of luxury and poverty, and pursue a life of good intentions and actions. The rise of Buddhism is closely connected to the prevalent practices in the Brahamanical religion (Early Hinduism).As Weber writes the Brahamanical religion had become increasingly intolerant (of the lower classes) and exclusive (open only to Brahmins and the aristocracy). The emphasis on conducting rituals (with the help of priests) was gradually alienating the masses. Sanskrit was the prerogative of the Brahmins and the aristocracy. In such an environment, Buddha’s teaching offered an alternative to the mainstream religion. The majority of its early followers were the merchants and the Sudras (untouchables). Buddhism provided a path to reach God.The tenets and rules of Buddhism were very simple to understand, appealing to the mass population. Buddha also preached in the local language, Prakrit. The practice of conducting rituals was seen as superfluous to reaching salvation. Buddha set up monasteries known as Sanghas. In his life, Buddha travelled throughout the whole of northern India spreading his message and setting up monastic orders. Since these monastic orders had to beg for their living, they were generally located near settlements, often on hillsides, etc.Often the monasteries were located on trade ro utes frequented by merchant caravans. They offered shelter to the merchants, who in return made generous donations. After the Buddha’s death, his cremated remains were placed within mounds called stupas. These burial mounds eventually became the focus of Buddhist monasteries and attracted pilgrims from far and wide. In the earliest Buddhist art in India, the Buddha is not represented in human form. Instead, his presence is indicated by a footprint, an empty seat, a parasol, or another sign such as the stupa.Buddhism in China Buddhism entered China perhaps as early as the first century BCE through the first century CE. It was carried by monks and merchants who made their way along trade routes from India through Central Asia to China. The history of Buddhism in China is a complex story of how a foreign religion was imported and transformed into a Chinese system of beliefs. Though Buddhism reached China from India by the first century, it did not flourish until the political an d economic upheavals of the Six Dynasties period (220–589).In those troubling times, Buddhism emphasis on personal salvation and rejection of worldly ties attracted believers from every walk of life. At other times, Buddhism prospered when an emperor chose it as his official religion, but its foreign origin led other rulers to persecute believers. Buddhism survived these periodic challenges and continues to flourish in China today. At first, Chinese Buddhist beliefs and temple art were quite similar to the ideas and images brought from India. These ideas traveled to China from India along the Silk Road and via a southern sea route.Many Indian Buddhist concepts were somewhat changed to better mesh with the existing Chinese traditions, such as Confucianism and Daoism. For example, unlike the Indian emphasis on personal salvation acquired by living a celibate life, Chinese Buddhists encouraged filial piety to complement the Chinese tradition of ancestor worship. Buddhist teachin gs flowed unsystematically into China from India. As a result, their diverse tendencies gave rise to a variety of schools and interpretations. The history of the formation of Buddhist schools divides into two periods.The initial period was known as the age of the â€Å"Six Schools and Seven Branches. † During the second stage, the encouragement and support of Buddhist scholarship by the Sui and T'ang emperors led to the formation of more distinct and well-defined systems of Buddhist teaching which had enduring significance. This age marks the zenith of Buddhist intellectual leadership, influencing Chinese culture deeply and reflecting the gradual assimilation of Buddhism to the Chinese mind. Buddhism in JapanBy the time Buddhism arrived in Japan from Korea and China in the mid-sixth century, nearly a thousand years had passed since the Buddha lived on earth. The religion had grown, evolved, and spread throughout Asia, developing a rich diversity of imagery and beliefs. The Ja panese continued this process of modifying Buddhism to fit their particular cultural preferences. Skilton write about the two main stages which marked the development of Buddhism in Japan. First, from the sixth through the twelfth century, the governing regime used Buddhism as part of a strategy to centralize control.Within one generation of its introduction into Japan, Buddhism became the official state religion. It took a few more centuries for the Buddhist belief system to permeate society and truly coexist with native Shinto beliefs. By the eighth century, the two religions existed in relative integrated harmony. At this initial stage, imagery used in both Buddhist painting and sculpture reflected the tastes of the social elite. The majestic and awe-inspiring images tended to focus on divine hierarchies, meditative paths to enlightenment, perceptions of afterlife and similar themes.The development of Japanese Buddhist culture and art was also greatly influenced by the Tang dynas ty (618-907) China, which was in the midst of a golden age. The second major stage in the development of Japanese Buddhism occurred in the late twelfth century, when political control shifted from the imperial court to a rising warrior class. During this period of unrest, two major Buddhist movements gained prominence: popular forms of Buddhism adopted by ordinary people and Zen Buddhism (Chan, in Chinese), which had been imported from ChinaWhen Buddhism reached Japan in the sixth century from Korea and China, its sophisticated philosophical message was difficult for most Japanese to understand. A small elite was then learning Chinese (Japan’s first written language) and some of them began to study Chinese Buddhist texts, as scholars and members of the clergy do in Japan down to the present. However, most Japanese were first attracted to Buddhist art, to Buddhist magic or to the possibility of closer ties with the advanced civilization of China, where Buddhism had already spr ead.Whatever the attraction, by the eighth century, when the Japanese established their first permanent capital in the city of Nara, the Japanese court had embraced Buddhism as well as Shinto. Buddhism became powerful in Japan because it met the needs of people on all levels of life. It transmitted major symbols of spiritual power in Indian tradition, while also teaching Chinese Confucian morality and aspects of religious Taoism, focusing on its utility in this life. It also stressed its importance for concerns of the afterlife, claiming that it cared for both affairs of this world and the other world.Conclusion As Buddhism spread from India to China and Japan it has changed and assumed new forms and dimensions. In China it has been transformed by Confucianism and Taoism and evolved further in Japan. Like other religions, the Buddhist tradition and its teachings evolved, adapted, and developed in different ways as they encountered and became at home with different cultures and count ries in various times and places; thus, over the centuries, there arose numerous schools of Buddhist thought and traditions of practice, emphasizing different aspects of the teachings.Despite the incredible variation, all have the same goal of leading beings to enlightenment. References Weber, Edmund. â€Å"Buddhism: An Atheistic and Anti-Caste Religion? † Journal of Religious Culture. No. 50. (2001) Harvey, Peter. Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History Practice. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. ) Powers, John. A Concise Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2000. Skilton, Andrew. A Concise History of Buddhism. 2nd Edition. Birmingham, England: Windhorse Publications: 1997.

Kant and Sexual Morality Essay

German Philosopher Immanuel Kant claimed that it is morally wrong to use a person merely as a means to your end. This judgement helps us to understand and determined sexual morality. Thomas A. Mappes supports Kant’s claims and helps to further explain Kant’s statement by defining it and introducing the idea that one must give their voluntary informed consent in order for certain actions to be moral. Mappes also illustrates that voluntary informed consent can be undermined through both deception and coercion. This helps us in the understanding of sexual morality. It is important to understand what Kant means when claiming that it is morally wrong to use another person merely as a means to your end when making the decision whether or not this statement is relevant when talking about sexual morality. The word merely is where this statement claims immorality to be. Merely meaning only and without any consideration of another person by not showing them any human respect. We use people as a means to our end in everyday situations. If we are hungry we go to a shop and buy food. We are using the shopkeepers as a means to our end, when hunger is our end. However, we are not merely using the shopkeeper as a means to our end. Thomas Mappes explains this by saying if we are treating someone merely as a means to our end, then we are not respecting him or her as human beings. Voluntary informed consent, according to Mappes (p. 73 of course book) is central to the notion of treating people merely as a means to an end. Voluntary informed consent is where the person who is being used as a means to an end has given their full permission and consent. They are aware of what the person is trying to achieve and are willing to give their consent to this. Mappes uses the example of a person who has a gun put to their head and are forced to hand over $200. Although the person has given them the money, they did not do this voluntarily, therefore did not give their voluntary informed consent. However, if the person had asked for $200 and they were given the option to give the money without being forced, and choose to hand it over as a gift, then they have given their voluntary informed consent. Voluntary informed consent is important when looking at sexual morality, as if one has not given their voluntary informed consent to a partner, then it is morally wrong to pursue any sexual acts with them. According to Mappes, Voluntary informed consent can be undermined in two ways: deception and coercion. Coercion meaning forced to make voluntary informed consent and deception being tricked into voluntary informed consent. When making a judgement on the morality of sexual behaviour it is important to consider whether deception or coercion have influenced the voluntary informed consent of the subject. If there is no voluntary informed consent, then a person is being used merely as a means to another persons end. This support Kant’s claim on morality, and is therefore immoral. Coercion into consent is easily to identify. As with the example of a person being forced to hand over $200 with the threat of a gun, they were being forced/coerced into their decision to hand over the money. When there is no voluntary informed consent, as the consent is not voluntary. Coercion can be important when determining the morality in sexual behaviour. If one is forced or blackmailed into having sex with another, this is coercive and using someone merely as a means to an end. Identifying Deception when looking at the morality of sexual behaviour, and determining whether or not it supports Kant’s claim is important before making a moral judgment. Deception is being tricked into making informed consent. And example of deception is subject A. telling subject B. that they love them, as subject A. knows that subject B. will only enter into a sexual relationship if both parties have a mutual love for one another. This is deceiving subject B. into giving their voluntary informed consent into entering a sexual relationship. This is immoral, as voluntary informed consent has been undermined by deception. When looking at Kant’s claim it is easy to determined the morality in this situation as subject as has merely used subject B in order to fulfil their sexual wants. It is also important to consider whether the decision was informed. 3. As seen in page. 76 of the course book, some could argue that a child or someone with severe learning difficulties is still able to give voluntary consent. This is true, but a child or person with severe learning difficulties is unable to give informed consent. If someone is to endeavour in sexual behaviours with a child or a person with learning difficulties, then it is clear they are using them for their own sexual gratification, and not respecting the person whom they are using. As Kant claims, this is morally unacceptable. When thinking about the morality of sexual behaviour it is hard to ignore that of homosexual relationships and/or homosexual sex. When looking at Kant’s statement that it is immoral to use another person merely as a means to your ends and Mappes further explanation of voluntary informed consent, we can establish he morality of homosexual behaviour. Michael Levin (1999 p. 125-126) claims homosexuality to be immoral. He also makes that statement that they are victims and have unflattering beliefs. Levin (1999 p. 126) claims â€Å"homosexuality is deviant†¦ [and] homosexuals have no place in the military if they weaken morale, and there are good reasons to think they do [weaken morale]† When looking at Kant’s philosophy, and his definition of morality, it becomes clear that Levins claims are assumptions, especially that homosexuals would weaken the morale in the military. There is nothing in his claims to suggest that homosexuals would coerce, deceive and use another merely as a means to their sexual ends within the military. Therefore, when looking at Kant’s claims, regardless whether a person is homosexual or heterosexual, the morality of sexual behaviour can only established when one is using another without human respect and merely as a means to their ends. John Corvino also refers to the morality of homosexual relationships. His views vary considerably from Levins. Corvino (1997 p,6) addresses the idea that homosexual sex is unnatural and therefore immoral. Corvino defends the right to a homosexual relationship by comparing the use of sexual organs to others. We have numerous uses for our mouth such as talking, eating, breathing, chewing gum etc and Corvino states that sexual organs may be useful in a relationship other than just procreation. Corvino makes reference to the churches view on sexual behaviour. Although the church disapproves of homosexual behaviour, Corvino (1997 p. 6) highlights that they do not see anything wrong with sterile couples having sex or couples who are pregnant as the church concedes that intimacy and pleasure are morally legitimate purposes for having sex. Corvino suggests that although there is no chance of procreation in homosexual sex, there is nothing immoral about it. Corvino’s view supports Kant’s claim of morality. Unless there is something to suggest one is merely being used by another sexually, then there are no grounds to suggest homosexuality is immoral. Kant’s claim that it is morally wrong to use someone merely as a means to your ends, helps us in our judgements regarding sexual morality. Through Thomas A. Mappes explanation of Kant’s claim and introducing the idea of voluntary informed consent, and how it can be undermined through deception and coercion, we are able to clearly distinguish whether or not a persons sexual behaviours are moral or not. Kant’s claim suggest that there is nothing immoral about homosexual behaviour, unless one is merely being used as an end, as in heterosexual relationships. The idea of homosexuality being unnatural had nothing to do with its morality when looking at Kant’s claim.

Poverty in Philippines

METHODS OF DEVELOPING PARAGRAPHS Description: A paragraph developed by detail, the topic sentence is supported by factual material, either sense impressions or conceptual facts. Almost all writing has some detail in it. The descriptive mode takes the whole (relationship, place, process, etc. ), breaks or divides it into parts or events, and treats each separately. The basic objective of descriptive writing is the depiction of the appearance of people, places, and things. The writer helps recreate for the reader sense impressions (sight, sound, touch, smell, and taste) that have been experienced or observed by the writer.Keep in mind that the purpose of the writing and the audience must be determined: to focus on the writer’s experiences is the expressive aim, to inform or explain information is the expository aim, and to persuade or argue the reader to one side of an issue is the persuasive aim. Narrative: The basic objective of narrative writing is the recreation of a sequenc e of events. The elements of a good narrative are characters, a natural time sequence, plot, dialogue, and a point worth considering. Evaluation: The basis of an evaluative paragraph or essay is to put a value on something (literature, drama, objects, food, wine, movies, etc. To begin an evaluation the writer must first set the criteria on which the object is being judged. Classification: The classification paragraph is usually expository and is a process of grouping terms or ideas that are related in some specific way. Cause/Effect or Effect/Cause ­Usually an analysis mode (or descriptive mode) this process of organizing a paragraph breaks the topic into its parts to establish a cause ­effect relationship among the parts. It carefully scrutinizes the relationship between cause and effect. This method may also be in the narrative mode of chronological order as one sequence follows another.Analysis or Process Analysis ­ This method of developing a paragraph is the process of se parating an object or concept into its parts and then explaining how hey are related to the whole. The functional analysis is usually a sequence of operations or actions by which something is done or made (how to do it). Generally, it is descriptive in mode with a spatial order of development. Example or Illustration ­Examples and illustrations are used in almost all types or modes of writing to help support points that the writer is making.The example paragraph reaches a conclusion (topic sentence) as a result of observing a number of examples and then forms a generalization called induction. One of the most effective ways to support the validity of a conclusion is to relate a few typical examples that led you to such a conclusion in the first place. An example is a specific detail used to attempt to make an abstract idea concrete or a general idea specific. The illustration paragraph is similar to the example paragraph because it, too, is specific in time, place, and action.The main difference is that the illustration paragraph is a story (true or untrue) that supports or develops a main point (the topic sentence). Therefore, an illustration takes the narrative mode and will be in chronological order. When using an illustration to support the validity of a conclusion, make sure that the illustration is concise and to the point, so that the reader does not lose sight of the main idea of the paragraph. The chief value of illustration is its potential to be interesting because all readers like a story.Comparison or Contrast ­ Another method of developing paragraphs is through comparison or contrast. Comparison shows similarities while a contrast shows differences. The main reason for using this method is to explain an unfamiliar object or idea by comparing or contrasting it to a familiar object or idea. The writer may develop the paragraph or essay by first discussion all of one subject and then fully presenting the second subject, or the writer might discu ss one like or different trait with each subject and then move to other characteristics, thus discussing both subjects together.A third method might be to present all of the ways that the subjects are alike and then discuss all of the ways that the subjects are different. Definition ­ A paragraph that is developed by definition answers the question â€Å"What is it? † Usually expository or informational, the definition may be one sentence or extended to be a paragraph, theme, or even a book. It is usually combined with other methods of development. The definition is intended to clarify meaning; thus, it should identify essential qualities and limit the term’s meaning.